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1 улучшение жизни
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2 улучшение жизни
жизнь на море, жизнь моряка — life afloat
жизнь, полная опасности — precarious life
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > улучшение жизни
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3 незначительное улучшение
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > незначительное улучшение
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4 улучшение
1. с. improvement2. с. martemperingСинонимический ряд:1. совершенствование (сущ.) совершенствование2. усовершенствование (сущ.) усовершенствованиеАнтонимический ряд: -
5 повышение качества жизни
Русско-английский словарь по экономии > повышение качества жизни
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6 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV -
7 patent
Mktga type of copyright granted as a fixed-term monopoly to an inventor by the state to prevent others copying an invention, or improvement of a product or process.The granting of a patent requires the publication of full details of the invention or improvement but the use of the patented information is restricted to the patent holder or any organizations licensed by them.A patent’s value is usually the sum of its development costs, or its purchase price if acquired from someone else. It is generally to a company’s advantage to spread the patent’s value over several years. If this is the case, the critical time period to consider is not the full life of the patent (17 years in the United States), but its estimated useful life.For example, in January 2000 a company acquired a patent issued in January 1995 at a cost of $100,000. It concludes that the patent’s useful commercial life is 10 years, not the 12 remaining before the patent expires. In turn, patent value would be $100,000, and it would be spread (or amortized in accounting terms) over 10 years, or $10,000 each year. -
8 devoir
devoir [d(ə)vwaʀ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 28━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The past participle dû takes a circumflex to distinguish it from the article du. Only the masculine singular has this accent.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <• elle lui doit 200 € she owes him 200 euros• il lui doit bien cela ! it's the least he can do for him!• à qui doit-on la découverte du radium ? who discovered radium?2. <a. (obligation)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque devoir exprime une obligation, il se traduit généralement par to have (got) to lorsqu'il s'agit de contraintes extérieures ; notez que to have got to ne s'utilise qu'au présent. must a généralement une valeur plus impérative ; must étant défectif, on utilise to have to aux temps où il ne se conjugue pas.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• je ne peux pas aller au cinéma, je dois travailler I can't go to the cinema, I've got to work• si je rentre tard, je dois téléphoner à ma mère if I stay out late, I have to phone my mother• je dois téléphoner à ma mère ! I must phone my mother!• Martin avait promis, il devait le faire Martin had promised, so he had to do it• dois-je comprendre par là que... am I to understand from this that...b. (conseil)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━c. (fatalité)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque devoir exprime une fatalité, il se traduit généralement par to be bound to.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• cela devait arriver ! it was bound to happen!d. (prévision)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque devoir exprime une prévision, il est souvent traduit par to be going to.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Notez l'emploi de to be due to dans les contextes où la notion de temps est importante.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• son train doit or devrait arriver dans cinq minutes his train is due to arrive in five minutes• Antoinette devait partir à six heures mais la réunion s'est prolongée Antoinette was due to leave at six but the meeting went on longere. (hypothèse)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Au conditionnel, on utilise should.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Dans les phrases négatives, on utilise généralement can't.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━3. <• les époux se doivent fidélité husband and wife have a duty to be faithful to one another► se devoir de ( = être obligé de)• j'en ai informé mon chef, comme il se doit I informed my boss, of course• on a fêté l'événement, comme il se doit and naturally, we celebrated the event4. <a. ( = obligation) duty• il est de mon devoir de... it is my duty to...b. (scolaire) ( = dissertation) essay ; ( = exercice fait en classe) exercise ; (fait à la maison) homework uncount• devoir surveillé or sur table written test* * *Note: Lorsque devoir est utilisé comme auxiliaire pour exprimer une obligation posée comme directive, une recommandation, une hypothèse ou un objectif, il se traduit par must suivi de l'infinitif sans to: je dois finir ma traduction aujourd'hui = I must finish my translation today; tu dois avoir faim! = you must be hungry!Lorsqu'il exprime une obligation imposée par les circonstances extérieures, il se traduit par to have suivi de l'infinitif: je dois me lever tous les matins à sept heures = I have to get up at seven o'clock every morningLes autres sens du verbe auxiliaire, et devoir verbe transitif et verbe pronominal, sont présentés ci-dessous
I
1. dəvwɑʀverbe auxiliaire1) (obligation, recommandation, hypothèse)tu dois te brosser les dents au moins deux fois par jour — you must brush your teeth at least twice a day
il a dû accepter — ( obligation) he had to accept; ( hypothèse) he must have accepted
ces mesures doivent permettre une amélioration du niveau de vie — these measures should allow an improvement in the standard of living
il doit absolument éviter l'alcool — it's imperative that he avoid alcohol, he really must avoid alcohol
je dois dire/reconnaître que cela ne m'étonne pas — I have to ou I must say/admit I'm not surprised
dussé-je en mourir — liter even if I die for it
3) ( exprime une prévision)4) ( exprime la fatalité)cela devait arriver — it was bound ou it had to happen
2.
1) ( avoir à payer) to owe [argent, repas]devoir quelque chose à quelqu'un — to owe something to somebody, to owe somebody something
combien vous dois-je? — ( pour un service) how much do I owe you?; ( pour un achat) how much is it?
2) ( être redevable de)devoir quelque chose à quelqu'un — to owe something to somebody, to owe somebody something
3.
se devoir verbe pronominalse devoir à quelqu'un/son pays — to have a duty to somebody/one's country
2) ( réciproquement)3) ( par convention)
4.
comme il se doit locution adverbiale1) ( comme le veut l'usage)faire quelque chose/agir comme il se doit — to do something/to act in the correct way
2) ( comme prévu)comme il se doit, elle est en retard! — as you might expect, she's late!
II dəvwɑʀnom masculin ( obligation morale) dutyil est de mon devoir de — it's my duty to; École ( exercice fait en classe) test; ( fait à la maison) homework [U]
Phrasal Verbs:* * *d(ə)vwaʀ1. nm1) (= obligation) dutyAller voter fait partie des devoirs du citoyen. — Voting is part of one's duty as a citizen.
2. vt1) (= être redevable de) [argent] to owedevoir qch à qn [argent, respect] — to owe sb sth
Je lui dois de régler cette affaire le plus rapidement possible. — I owe it to him to sort this matter out as quickly as possible.
2) (obligation)Il doit le faire tout de suite. — He has to do it immediately., He must do it immediately.
Je dois partir. — I've got to go., I must go.
je devrais faire... — I ought to do..., I should do...
Tu n'aurais pas dû... — You ought not to have..., You shouldn't have...
4) (fatalité)Cela devait arriver un jour. — It was bound to happen some day.
5) (intention)Il doit partir demain. — He is to leave tomorrow., He is due to leave tomorrow.
Le nouveau centre commercial doit ouvrir en mai. — The new shopping centre is due to open in May.
Il doit être tard. — It must be late.
Tu dois être fatigué. — You must be tired.
* * *I.A nm1 ( obligation morale) duty; avoir le sens du devoir to have a sense of duty; homme/femme de devoir man/woman of conscience; agir par devoir to act out of a sense of duty; faire son devoir to do one's duty; je n'ai fait que mon devoir I only did my duty;2 ( obligation imposée par la loi ou les convenances) duty; manquer à tous ses devoirs to fail in all one's duties; le devoir m'appelle! duty calls!; se faire un devoir de faire to make it one's duty to do; il est de mon devoir de it's my duty to; se mettre en devoir de faire qch to set about doing sth; voter est un droit, c'est aussi un devoir voting is not only a right, but also a duty; ⇒ réserve;3 Scol ( exercice écrit) ( fait en classe) test; ( fait à la maison) homework ¢; faire ses devoirs to do one's homework; fais tes devoirs avant d'aller jouer do your homework before going out to play; j'ai un devoir d'anglais demain I've got an English test tomorrow; j'ai un devoir à rendre pour lundi I have a piece of homework to hand in on Monday.B † devoirs nmpl ( hommages) respects; présenter ses devoirs à qn to pay one's respects to sb; les derniers devoirs rendus à qn the last respects paid to sb.devoir d'ingérence Pol duty to interfere in the affairs of another nation; devoir surveillé or sur table Scol written test; devoir de vacances holiday homework (done from workbooks).II.devoir verb table: devoir❢ Lorsque devoir est utilisé comme auxiliaire pour exprimer une obligation posée comme directive, une recommandation, une hypothèse ou un objectif, il se traduit par must suivi de l'infinitif sans to: je dois finir ma traduction aujourd'hui = I must finish my translation today; tu dois avoir faim! = you must be hungry!Lorsqu'il exprime une obligation imposée par les circonstances extérieures, il se traduit par to have suivi de l'infinitif: je dois me lever tous les matins à sept heures = I have to get up at seven o'clock every morning.Les autres sens du verbe auxiliaire, et devoir verbe transitif et verbe pronominal, sont présentés ci-dessous.A v aux1 (obligation, recommandation, hypothèse) tu dois te brosser les dents au moins deux fois par jour you must brush your teeth at least twice a day; je dois aller travailler I've got to go to work; je devais aller travailler I had to go to work; il doit accepter he has got to accept; il a dû accepter ( obligation) he had to accept; ( hypothèse) he must have accepted; tu ne dois pas montrer du doigt! you shouldn't point!; ces mesures doivent permettre une amélioration du niveau de vie these measures should allow an improvement in the standard of living; le texte doit pouvoir être compris de tous the text should be comprehensible to everyone; il doit absolument éviter l'alcool it's imperative that he avoid alcohol, he really must avoid alcohol; je dois dire/reconnaître que cela ne m'étonne pas I have to ou I must say/admit I'm not surprised; je dois avouer que j'ai hésité I have to ou must admit I did hesitate; vous devrez être attentif à cela you'll have to ou you must watch out for that; tu devrais réfléchir avant de parler you should think before you speak; on devrait mettre cet enfant au lit this child ought to be put to bed; elle ne doit pas être fière! she must be ashamed of herself!; ils ne doivent plus lui faire confiance they can't trust him any more; je devais avoir 12 ans à ce moment-là I must have been 12 at the time; ils doivent arriver d'une minute à l'autre they're due to arrive any minute;2 ( être dans la nécessité de) l'entreprise va devoir fermer the company will have to close, the company is going to have to close; encore doivent-elles faire leurs preuves they still have to prove themselves; dois-je prendre un parapluie? should I take an umbrella?, do I need to take an umbrella?; dussé-je en mourir liter even if I die for it; il a cru devoir partir he felt obliged to leave;3 ( exprime une prévision) elles devaient en parler they were to talk about it; le contrat doit être signé à 16 heures the contract is to be signed at 4 pm; cet argent devait rester disponible this money was to have remained available; à quelle heure doit-il rentrer? what time should he be home?; à quoi doivent-ils s'attendre ensuite? what are they to expect next?; nous ne devons pas partir cet été we're not intending to go away this summer; je dois le voir demain I'll be seeing him tomorrow; je dois m'absenter prochainement I'll have to leave shortly; nous devions partir quand il s'est mis à pleuvoir we were about to leave when it started raining, we should have left but it started raining;4 ( exprime la fatalité) 10 ans plus tard, il devait sombrer dans la pauvreté 10 years later, he was to be found languishing in poverty; ce qui devait arriver arriva the inevitable happened; cela devait arriver it had ou it was bound to happen; nous devons tous mourir un jour we all have to die some day; elle devait mourir dans un accident de voiture she was to die in a car crash.B vtr1 ( avoir à payer) to owe [argent, repas]; devoir qch à qn to owe sth to sb, to owe sb sth; il déteste devoir de l'argent he hates owing money; combien vous dois-je? ( pour un service) how much do I owe you?; ( pour un achat) how much is it?; j'ai payé la veste mais je dois encore la jupe I've paid for the jacket but I haven't paid for the skirt yet;2 ( être redevable de) devoir qch à qn to owe sth to sb, to owe sb sth; devoir qch à qch to owe sth to sth ; il doit tout à sa femme he owes it all to his wife; je te dois d'avoir gagné it's thanks to you that I won; c'est à votre générosité que nous devons de ne pas être morts de faim it's thanks to your generosity that we didn't die of hunger; ⇒ chandelle;3 ( avoir une obligation morale) devoir qch à qn to owe sb sth; il me doit des excuses he owes me an apology.C se devoir vpr1 ( avoir une obligation morale) se devoir à qn/son pays to have a duty to sb/one's country; je me dois de le faire it's my duty to do it, I have a duty to do it;2 ( réciproquement) les époux se doivent fidélité spouses owe it to each other to be faithful;3 ( par convention) un homme de son rang se doit d'avoir un chauffeur a man of his standing has to have a chauffeur.D comme il se doit loc adv1 ( comme le veut l'usage) faire qch/agir comme il se doit to do sth/to act in the correct way; il plaça les convives comme il se doit he seated the guests as was proper;2 ( comme prévu) comme il se doit, elle est en retard! as you might expect, she's late!I[dəvwar] nom masculindevoir de chimie chemistry assignment ou exercise2. [impératifs moraux] dutyfaire ou accomplir ou remplir son devoir to carry out ou to do one's duty————————devoirs nom masculin pluriel————————de devoir locution adjectivalehomme/femme de devoir man/woman with a (strong) sense of duty————————du devoir de locution prépositionnelleII[dəvwar] verbe auxiliaire1. [exprime l'obligation]il doit he has to, he needs to, he mustdois-je être plus clair? do I need ou have to be more explicit?je dois admettre que... I must admit that...il ne doit pas he must not, he musn'ton ne doit pas fumer smoking is forbidden ou is not allowed2. [dans des conseils, des suggestions]il devrait he ought to, he should3. [indique une prévision, une intention]il doit m'en donner demain he's due to ou he should give me some tomorrowc'est une pièce que l'on doit voir depuis un an! it's a play we've supposedly been going to see ou we've been planning to see for a year![dans le passé]il devait venir mais je ne l'ai pas vu he was supposed to come ou to have come but I didn't see him4. [exprime une probabilité]il/cela doit he/it must, he's/it's got toil doit être fatigué he must be tired, he's probably tiredil doit y avoir ou cela doit faire un an que je ne l'ai pas vu it must be a year since I (last) saw him5. [exprime l'inévitable]la maison où elle devait écrire "Claudine" the house where she was to write "Claudine"[exprime une norme]le four ne devrait pas faire ce bruit the oven isn't supposed to ou shouldn't make that noise6. (soutenu)je l'aiderai, dussé-je aller en prison/y passer ma vie I'll help him, even if it means going to prison/devoting my life to it————————[dəvwar] verbe transitif1. [avoir comme dette] to owedevoir quelque chose à quelqu'un to owe somebody something, to owe something to somebody2. [être moralement obligé de fournir]3. [être redevable de]c'est à Guimard que l'on doit cette découverte we have Guimard to thank ou we're indebted to Guimard for this discoveryle son doit sa qualité à des enceintes très performantes the good quality of the sound is due to excellent speakers————————se devoir verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)[avoir comme obligation mutuelle]les époux se doivent fidélité spouses ou husbands and wives must be faithful to each other————————se devoir à verbe pronominal plus préposition————————se devoir de verbe pronominal plus prépositiontu es grand, tu te dois de donner l'exemple you're a big boy now, it's your duty to show a good example -
9 tragen
(Folgen) to bear;(Gegenstand) to sustain; to carry;(Kleidung) to have on; to wear;(Kosten) to defray* * *tra|gen ['tragn] pret trug [truːk] ptp getragen [gə'traːgn]1. vt1) (= befördern, dabeihaben) to carry; (= an einen Ort bringen) to take; (Wellen etc) to bear, to carry; (fig ) Gerücht etc to pass on, to spreadetw mit or bei sich trágen — to carry sth with one
den Brief zur Post® trágen — to take the letter to the post office
den Arm in der Schlinge trágen — to have one's arm in a sling
2) (= am Körper tragen) Kleid, Brille, Rot etc, Perücke to wear; Bart, Gebiss to have; Waffen to carrySee:→ Trauer3) (= stützen, halten) to support→ tragend4) (= aushalten, Tragfähigkeit haben) to take (the weight of), to carryder Baum trägt viele Früchte — the tree produces a good crop of fruit; (in dieser Saison) the tree is full of fruit
6) (= trächtig sein) to be carrying7) (= ertragen) Schicksal, Leid etc to bear, to endure; Kreuz to bear8) (= übernehmen) Verluste to defray; Kosten to bear, to carry; Risiko to take; Folgen to take, to beardie Verantwortung für etw trágen — to be responsible for sth
die Schuld für etw trágen — to be to blame for sth
9) (= unterhalten) Verein, Organisation to support, to backder Brief trägt das Datum vom... — the letter is dated...
See:→ getragen2. vi1) (Baum, Acker etc) to crop, to produce a cropgut/schlecht trágen — to crop well/badly, to produce a good/bad crop; (in dieser Saison) to have a good/bad crop
2) (= trächtig sein) to be pregnant3) (=reichen Geschütz, Stimme) to carry4) (Eis) to take weight5)trágen — to have a job carrying or to carry sth; (fig) to find sth hard to bear
schwer zu trágen haben — to have a lot to carry; (fig) to have a heavy cross to bear
6)in +dat on)zum Tragen kommen — to come to fruition, to bear fruit, to take effect, to bring results
3. vr1)sich gut or leicht/schwer or schlecht trágen — to be easy/difficult or hard to carry
schwere Lasten trágen sich besser auf dem Rücken — it is better to carry heavy loads on one's back
2) (Kleid, Stoff) to wear3)sich mit etw trágen (geh) — to contemplate sth
4) (= ohne Zuschüsse auskommen) to be self-supporting* * *1) (to carry: He was borne shoulder-high after his victory.) bear2) (to have: The cheque bore his signature.) bear3) (to take from one place etc to another: She carried the child over the river; Flies carry disease.) carry4) (to support: These stone columns carry the weight of the whole building.) carry5) (to produce fruit: This tree fruits early.) fruit6) (to be dressed in or carry on (a part of) the body: She wore a white dress; Does she usually wear spectacles?) wear7) (to arrange (one's hair) in a particular way: She wears her hair in a pony-tail.) wear8) (use as clothes etc: I use this suit for everyday wear; Those shoes won't stand much wear.) wear9) (to bear the weight of, or hold upright, in place etc: That chair won't support him / his weight; He limped home, supported by a friend on either side of him.) support10) (to bear (the weight of): The branches could hardly sustain the weight of the fruit.) sustain* * *tra·gen<trägt, trug, getragen>[ˈtra:gn̩]I. vt1. (befördern)▪ jdn/etw \tragen to carry [or take] sb/stheinen Brief zur Post \tragen to take a letter to the post office; (fig)das Auto wurde aus der Kurve ge\tragen the car went off the bendvom Wasser/Wind ge\tragen carried by water/[the] wind2. (halten)▪ etw \tragen to hold sther trug den rechten Arm in der Schlinge he had his right arm in a slingder Ast trägt dich nicht the branch won't take your weightdie Schwimmweste wird dich \tragen the life jacket will hold you uper trug eine Pistole bei sich he had a gun on him, he carried a gun4. (anhaben)▪ etw \tragen Kleidung, Schmuck to wear sthman trägt wieder Hüte hats are in fashion againge\tragene Kleider second-hand fashion [or clothes]; (abgelegt) cast-offseine Prothese \tragen to have false teeth▪ etw \tragen to have sthwie trägt sie jetzt ihre Haare? how is she wearing her hair now?einen Bart \tragen to have a bearddas Haar lang/kurz \tragen to have long/short hair▪ etw \tragen to produce [or bear] sthder Acker trägt viel Weizen the field produces a good crop of wheat; (in dieser Saison) the field is full of wheatFrüchte \tragen (a. fig) to bear fruitder Baum trägt viele Früchte the tree produces a good crop of fruit; (in dieser Saison) the tree is full of fruitder Birnbaum trägt dieses Jahr nur wenige Früchte the pear tree has only grown a few fruits this year7. FINZinsen \tragen to yield interestein Kind \tragen to be carrying a baby9. (ertragen)▪ etw \tragen to bear sthschweres Leid \tragen to endure great sufferingdas Schicksal \tragen to bear fate; s.a. Kreuz▪ etw \tragen to bear sthdie Versicherung wird den Schaden \tragen the insurance will pay for the damagedie Folgen \tragen to bear [or be responsible for] the consequencesdie Kosten \tragen to bear [or carry] the costsdas Risiko \tragen to bear [or take] the riskdie Schuld/Verantwortung \tragen to take the blame/responsibilityer trägt die Schuld he is to blame; s.a. Sorge11. (unterhalten, finanzieren)▪ etw tragen to support [or maintain] stheine Schule \tragen to support a school▪ etw \tragen to bear [or have] sthder Brief trägt das Datum vom... the letter is dated...ein Etikett \tragen to have a labelein Siegel/eine Unterschrift \tragen to bear [or carry] a seal/a signatureeinen Titel \tragen to have [or bear] a titleer trägt einen Doktortitel he has a PhDII. vischwer zu \tragen haben to have a lot to carrywir hatten schwer zu \tragen we were heavily ladengut/schlecht \tragen to crop well/badly, to produce a good/bad crop; (in dieser Saison) to have a good/bad cropder Baum trägt gut the tree produces a good crop; (in dieser Saison) the tree has a lot of fruit on it3. (trächtig sein) to be pregnant [or carrying young]eine \tragende Sau/Kuh a pregnant sow/cow4. (das Begehen aushalten) to take weightdas Eis trägt noch nicht the ice is not yet thick enough to skate/walk on5. MODE to wearsie trägt lieber kurz she likes to wear short clothesman trägt wieder lang long skirts are in fashion again6.▶ etw zum T\tragen bringen to bring sth to bear▶ zum T\tragen kommen to come into effectIII. vrschwere Lasten \tragen sich besser auf dem Rücken it is better to carry heavy loads on one's back2. MODEdie Hose trägt sich angenehm the pants are comfortableder Stoff trägt sich sehr angenehm the material is pleasant to wearsie trägt sich nach der letzten Mode she's dressed in the latest fashionsie trägt sich mit dem Gedanken, nach Australien auszuwandern she is contemplating [the idea of] emigrating to Australiadie Organisation trägt sich selbst the organisation is self-supporting* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) carrydas Auto wurde aus der Kurve getragen — (fig.) the car went off the bend
2) (bringen) takevom Wind getragen — (fig.) carried by [the] wind
4) (halten) hold5) (von unten stützen) supportzum Tragen kommen — <advantage, improvement, quality> become noticeable; s. auch tragend a-c
6) (belastbar sein durch) be able to carry or take < weight>7) (übernehmen, aufkommen für) bear, carry <costs etc.>; take <blame, responsibility, consequences>; (unterhalten, finanzieren) support8) (am Körper) wear <clothes, wig, glasses, jewellery, etc.>; have <false teeth, beard, etc.>9) (fig.): (haben) have <label etc.>; have, bear < title>; bear, carry <signature, inscription, seal>10) (hervorbringen) < tree> bear < fruit>; < field> produce < crops>; (fig.) yield < interest>11) (geh.): (schwanger sein mit) be carrying2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) carryschwer an etwas (Dat.) zu tragen haben — have difficulty carrying something; find something very heavy to carry; (fig.) find something hard to bear
das Eis trägt noch nicht — the ice is not yet thick enough to skate/walk etc. on
2) (am Körper)man trägt [wieder] kurz/lang — short/long skirts are in fashion [again]
3)3.eine tragende Sau/Kuh — a pregnant sow/cow; s. auch tragend 4)
1)sich gut/schlecht usw. tragen — < load> be easy/difficult or hard etc. to carry
2)der Mantel/Stoff trägt sich angenehm — the coat/material is pleasant to wear
3) in4) (sich kleiden) dress* * *tragen; trägt, trug, hat getragenA. v/teinen Brief zur Post tragen take a letter to the post (office);den Arm in einer Schlinge tragen have ( oder wear) one’s arm in a sling;den Kopf hoch tragen hold one’s head high ( oder erect);nichts Schweres tragen dürfen not be allowed to carry weights ( oder lift anything heavy);so schnell ihn seine Füße trugen as fast as his feet would carry him;sich von den Wellen tragen float on the waves;die Brücke trägt maximal 10 t the bridge has a maximum (permitted) load of 10 tons2. (am Körper tragen, auch Brille) wear, have on; (Schmuck) meist wear; (Pistole, Schwert etc) in der Hand: hold; an der Hüfte: wear;einen Bart etceinen Rucksack tragen wear a rucksack, have a rucksack on one’s back;man trägt die Röcke wieder kürzer short skirts are in again, skirts are (being worn) shorter again;solche Schuhe trägt man nicht mehr people don’t wear that kind of shoe ( oder those kind of shoes umg) any more;das kannst du gut tragen it really suits you, that’s nice on you;auf einer Party/in der Kirche etctragen wear to a party/to church etc;die Haare lang/kurz tragen wear ( oder have) one’s hair long/short;3. (Früchte, fig Namen, Verlust etc) bear; (Kosten) bear, take on, meet, be responsible for; (Folgen, Verantwortung) bear, take, accept, (Folgen) auch live with;die Aufschrift/den Titel tragen bear ( oder carry) the heading/carry the title;4. fig (ertragen) bear, endure;wie trägt sie es? how’s she taking it?, how’s she bearing up?; → Herz1 8, Rechnung 2, Trauer 2, Zins 1 etc; → getragenB. v/i1. (hervorbringen) Baum: bear fruit; ZOOL be pregnant; besonders Nutztiere: auch be in calf/foal/pig/lamb etc;zum Tragen kommen fig take effect, bring results, bear fruit(s)2. (reichen) Stimme: carry;das Gewehr trägt nicht so weit the weapon doesn’t have the rangenicht schwer tragen dürfen not be allowed to carry weights ( oder lift anything heavy);schwer zu tragen haben be loaded down, be heavily burdened, be carrying a considerable load; fig be weighed down ( oder burdened) (an +dat by), have a hard time (of it) coping (an +dat with)4. Eis etc: holdC. v/r1.2.sich gut tragen Stoff: wear (well), be hardwearing3. Geschäft etc: pay (its way);die Einrichtung trägt sich (nicht) selbst the facility is (not) self-financing, the facility pays (does not pay) its own way4. fig:dem Gedanken tragen, etwas zu tun be thinking of ( oder about) doing sth, be considering ( oder contemplating) doing sth* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) carrydas Auto wurde aus der Kurve getragen — (fig.) the car went off the bend
2) (bringen) takevom Wind getragen — (fig.) carried by [the] wind
4) (halten) hold5) (von unten stützen) supportzum Tragen kommen — <advantage, improvement, quality> become noticeable; s. auch tragend a-c
6) (belastbar sein durch) be able to carry or take < weight>7) (übernehmen, aufkommen für) bear, carry <costs etc.>; take <blame, responsibility, consequences>; (unterhalten, finanzieren) support8) (am Körper) wear <clothes, wig, glasses, jewellery, etc.>; have <false teeth, beard, etc.>9) (fig.): (haben) have <label etc.>; have, bear < title>; bear, carry <signature, inscription, seal>10) (hervorbringen) < tree> bear < fruit>; < field> produce < crops>; (fig.) yield < interest>11) (geh.): (schwanger sein mit) be carrying2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) carryschwer an etwas (Dat.) zu tragen haben — have difficulty carrying something; find something very heavy to carry; (fig.) find something hard to bear
das Eis trägt noch nicht — the ice is not yet thick enough to skate/walk etc. on
2) (am Körper)man trägt [wieder] kurz/lang — short/long skirts are in fashion [again]
3)3.eine tragende Sau/Kuh — a pregnant sow/cow; s. auch tragend 4)
1)sich gut/schlecht usw. tragen — < load> be easy/difficult or hard etc. to carry
2)der Mantel/Stoff trägt sich angenehm — the coat/material is pleasant to wear
3) in4) (sich kleiden) dress* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: trug, getragen)= to absorb v.to bear v.(§ p.,p.p.: bore, borne)to carry v.to defray v.to hump v.to sustain v.to wear v.(§ p.,p.p.: wore, worn) -
10 Howe, William
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 12 May 1803 Spencer, Massachusetts, USAd. 19 September 1852 Springfield, Massachusetts, USA[br]American bridge engineer.[br]He was uncle of Elias Howe and spent his youth in the neighbourhood of his birthplace, primarily as a farmer. In 1838 he was commissioned to build a bridge at Warren, Massachusetts, for the Boston \& Albany Railway. He worked on this for two years, incorporating some novel features for which he applied for patents. His design was a truss with wooden diagonals and vertical iron ties in single and double systems which was said to be an improvement on the Long type of truss, introduced by Colonel Stephen Long in 1830. Howe was the first to incorporate the rectangular truss frame. Soon after this, he was to use his patent truss over the Connecticut River at Springfield for the Western Railroad. So successful was he that he became engaged for the rest of his life in the design of bridges and roof trusses, which, together with selling royalties for the rights to his patents, brought to him a considerable fortune. Many Howe truss bridges were built until the introduction of the iron bridge. In 1846 he took out a third patent for an improvement in the original rectangular truss, consisting of a curved timber member rising from each buttress to the centre of the span and greatly adding to the strength.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, 1932–3, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN -
11 embellie
embellie [ɑ̃beli]feminine noun[de temps] slight improvement in the weather* * *ɑ̃bɛli1) ( dans le temps) bright spell; Nautisme lull2) fig improvement* * *ɑ̃beli nf* * *embellie nf2 ( amélioration) upturn.[ɑ̃beli] nom féminin1. MÉTÉOROLOGIE [de soleil] bright interval[du vent] lull2. [amélioration] -
12 desear
v.1 to want.¿qué desea? what can I do for you? (en tienda)¿desea algo más? would you like anything else?, is that everything? (en tienda)desearía estar allí I wish I was thereestoy deseando que llegue I can't wait for her to arrivedejar mucho/no dejar nada que desear to leave much/nothing to be desiredes de desear que las negociaciones terminen pronto a quick end to the negotiations would be desirable2 to wish.te deseo mucha suerte I wish you the best of luckme deseó lo mejor/un buen viaje he wished me all the best/a pleasant journey3 to desire (sexualmente).Quiero paz I want peace.4 to wish to, to ache to, to be longing to, to desire to.Quiero estudiar I want to study.* * *1 (querer) to want2 (anhelar) to long for, wish for, desire; (para alguien) to wish■ ¿qué desea? can I help you?, what can I do for you?3 (sexualmente) to desire\dejar mucho/bastante que desear to leave a lot to be desiredes de desear que it is to be hoped that* * *verb1) to wish2) want3) desire* * *VT1) (=anhelar) to wantno deseo que le pase nada malo — I wouldn't want o wish anything bad to happen to him
la vida que tanto había deseado — the life she had wanted so much o longed for
•
dejar bastante o mucho que desear — to leave a lot to be desired•
estar deseando algo, estaba deseando conocerte — I've been looking forward to meeting youestoy deseando que esto termine — I'm really looking forward to this finishing, I can't wait for this to finish
estoy deseando que lleguen las vacaciones — I'm really looking forward to the holidays, I can't wait for o till the holidays
•
ser de desear, sería de desear que actualizaran su información — it would be desirable for them to update their informationno hemos avanzado tanto como sería de desear — we haven't made as much progress as we would have liked
2) frma) [en peticiones] to wishdesearía ver al director — I would like o I wish to see the manager
b) [en preguntas, sugerencias]¿desearía el señor algún postre? — would Sir like a dessert?, do you wish a dessert?
¿qué desean beber? — what would you like to drink?
¿desea que le hagamos una factura? — do you wish us to make out an invoice?
¿qué desea? — can I help you?
3) [en fórmulas de cortesía] [+ éxito, suerte] to wish4) [sexualmente] to want* * *verbo transitivo1) <suerte/éxito> to wish2) ( querer)lo que más deseo es... — my greatest wish is...
¿qué desea? — (frml) can I help you?
¿desea el señor algo más? — (frml) would you like anything else, sir?
desear + inf: el director desea verlo (frml) the director wishes to see you (frml); está deseando verte he's really looking forward to seeing you; desear que + subj: ¿desea que se lo envuelva? (frml) would you like me to wrap it for you?; estoy deseando que llegue el verano I can't wait for summer; estaba deseando que le dijeran que no I was really hoping they'd say no to him; sería de desear que nos avisaran pronto — ideally we would like to know as soon as possible; dejar I 1) a)
3) < persona> to desire, want* * *= be keen to, desire, long (for), want, wish, reach out for, crave, lust (for/after/over), yearn, crave for, itch for.Ex. Hosts are less keen to standardise, although the EURONET Common Command Language has been adopted by various hosts, and there is some recognition of the potential benefits to the user of greater standardisation.Ex. Some types of indexing are appropriate where it is desired to concentrate effort on generating good indexes.Ex. After you have chosen a story you long to tell, read it over and over and then analyse it.Ex. On other occasions a user wants every document or piece of information on a topic traced, and then high recall must be sought, to the detriment of precision.Ex. Step 1 Familiarisation: A searcher must be adequately familiar with that which he wishes to retrieve.Ex. If people want regimentation which relieves them of responsibility, how then do you explain parents reaching out for control of schools, disdaining the help of experts.Ex. Mayo maintained that workers are motivated by 'togetherness' and crave individual recognition within the group = Mayo mantenía que los trabajadores se motivan por la solidaridad y anhelan el reconocimiento individual dentro del grupo.Ex. These two women were Samaria and Jerusalem, lusting after foreigners and foreign ways, and abandoning their god for shallow and ephemeral pleasures.Ex. Since time immemorial, people have yearned for an immediate way to capture living moments in a picture.Ex. With all of the things that make up our daily grind, we often find ourselves craving for the next getaway, for the next relaxation period.Ex. It seems like he's itching for a change but doesn't know exactly the direction or directions to pursue in order to accomplish the change.----* dejar bastante que desear = leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.* dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.* dejar que desear = leave + something + to be desired, leave + a bit to be desired.* deseando desesperadamente realizarse = crying to come out.* desear a Algo o Alguien toda la suerte del mundo = wish + Nombre + every success.* desear ardientemente = gag for.* desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.* desearle a Alguien que tenga un buen día = bid + Nombre + good day.* desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.* desear suerte = cross + Posesivo + fingers.* desear suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + luck.* desear vivamente = be eager to.* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.* que desee(n) = of + Posesivo + choice, of + Posesivo + choosing.* según se desee = at will.* si así lo desean = should they so wish.* sin desearlo = unwantedly.* * *verbo transitivo1) <suerte/éxito> to wish2) ( querer)lo que más deseo es... — my greatest wish is...
¿qué desea? — (frml) can I help you?
¿desea el señor algo más? — (frml) would you like anything else, sir?
desear + inf: el director desea verlo (frml) the director wishes to see you (frml); está deseando verte he's really looking forward to seeing you; desear que + subj: ¿desea que se lo envuelva? (frml) would you like me to wrap it for you?; estoy deseando que llegue el verano I can't wait for summer; estaba deseando que le dijeran que no I was really hoping they'd say no to him; sería de desear que nos avisaran pronto — ideally we would like to know as soon as possible; dejar I 1) a)
3) < persona> to desire, want* * *= be keen to, desire, long (for), want, wish, reach out for, crave, lust (for/after/over), yearn, crave for, itch for.Ex: Hosts are less keen to standardise, although the EURONET Common Command Language has been adopted by various hosts, and there is some recognition of the potential benefits to the user of greater standardisation.
Ex: Some types of indexing are appropriate where it is desired to concentrate effort on generating good indexes.Ex: After you have chosen a story you long to tell, read it over and over and then analyse it.Ex: On other occasions a user wants every document or piece of information on a topic traced, and then high recall must be sought, to the detriment of precision.Ex: Step 1 Familiarisation: A searcher must be adequately familiar with that which he wishes to retrieve.Ex: If people want regimentation which relieves them of responsibility, how then do you explain parents reaching out for control of schools, disdaining the help of experts.Ex: Mayo maintained that workers are motivated by 'togetherness' and crave individual recognition within the group = Mayo mantenía que los trabajadores se motivan por la solidaridad y anhelan el reconocimiento individual dentro del grupo.Ex: These two women were Samaria and Jerusalem, lusting after foreigners and foreign ways, and abandoning their god for shallow and ephemeral pleasures.Ex: Since time immemorial, people have yearned for an immediate way to capture living moments in a picture.Ex: With all of the things that make up our daily grind, we often find ourselves craving for the next getaway, for the next relaxation period.Ex: It seems like he's itching for a change but doesn't know exactly the direction or directions to pursue in order to accomplish the change.* dejar bastante que desear = leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.* dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.* dejar que desear = leave + something + to be desired, leave + a bit to be desired.* deseando desesperadamente realizarse = crying to come out.* desear a Algo o Alguien toda la suerte del mundo = wish + Nombre + every success.* desear ardientemente = gag for.* desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.* desearle a Alguien que tenga un buen día = bid + Nombre + good day.* desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.* desear suerte = cross + Posesivo + fingers.* desear suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + luck.* desear vivamente = be eager to.* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.* que desee(n) = of + Posesivo + choice, of + Posesivo + choosing.* según se desee = at will.* si así lo desean = should they so wish.* sin desearlo = unwantedly.* * *desear [A1 ]vtA ‹suerte/éxito/felicidad› to wishllamó para desearme suerte he called to wish me good luckte deseo un feliz viaje I hope you have a good tripte deseamos mucha felicidad we wish you every happinessB(querer): no se puede desear un novio mejor you couldn't wish for a better boyfriendun embarazo no deseado an unwanted pregnancypor fin podrá disfrutar de esas tan deseadas vacaciones at last you can really enjoy those long-awaited holidayslo que más deseo es volver a ver a mi hijo my greatest wish is to see my son againesa moto que tanto había deseado that motorcycle he had wanted so much o he had so longed for¿qué desea? ( frml); can I help you?, what would you like?¿desea el señor algo más? ( frml); would you like anything else, sir?se lo podemos enviar si así lo desea we can send it to you if you (so) wish ( frml)desear + INF:el director desea verlo en su despacho ( frml); the director would like o ( frml) wishes to see you in his office¿desea la señora ver otro modelo? ( frml); would you like me to show you another style, madam?desearía expresar mi satisfacción ( frml); I would o ( BrE frml) should like to express my satisfactionestá deseando verte he's really looking forward to seeing you, he's dying to see you ( colloq)desear QUE + SUBJ:no deseamos que la situación llegue a tal extremo ( frml); we would not wish the situation to reach that point ( frml)¿desea el señor que se lo envuelva? ( frml); would you like me to wrap it for you, sir?desearía que me diera su respuesta esta semana ( frml); I would o ( BrE frml) should like to have your reply this weekestoy deseando que llegue el verano I can't wait for o I'm longing for summerestaba deseando que le dijeran que no I was really hoping they'd say no to himsería de desear que nos avisaran con dos semanas de antelación ideally we would like two weeks' noticedejar mucho que desear to leave a lot to be desiredsu rendimiento deja mucho que desear his performance leaves a lot to be desiredvérselas y deseárselas to have a hard time (of it)C ‹persona› to desire, wantno desearás a la mujer del prójimo ( Bib) thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife* * *
desear ( conjugate desear) verbo transitivo
1 ‹suerte/éxito/felicidad› to wish;
2 ( querer):
las tan deseadas vacaciones the long-awaited holidays;
lo que más deseo es … my greatest wish is …;
si tú lo deseas if you want to;
desearía una respuesta ahora I would like a reply now;
está deseando verte he's really looking forward to seeing you;
¿desea que se lo envuelva? (frml) would you like me to wrap it for you?
3 ‹ persona› to desire, want
desear verbo transitivo
1 (anhelar, querer con intensidad) to desire: estoy deseando verte, I'm looking forward to seeing you
te deseo lo mejor, I wish you all the best
(suerte, felicidad, etc) to wish: os deseo unas felices vacaciones, have a good holiday
2 (sexualmente) to desire, want
3 frml (querer) to want: ¿desea usted algo, caballero?, can I help you, Sir?
deseo ver al director, I would like to see the manager
♦ Locuciones: deja mucho/bastante que desear, it leaves a lot to be desired
' desear' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
apetecer
- dejar
- esperar
- rezar
- soñar
- suspirar
- aspirar
- bastante
English:
desire
- lust
- want
- will
- wish
* * *desear vt1. [querer] to want;[anhelar] to wish;siempre he deseado visitar Australia I've always wanted to go to Australia;desearía estar allí I wish I was there;por fin, la bici que tanto había deseado at last, the bicycle I'd wanted so much;desearía agradecerle su apoyo I would like to thank you for your help;si desea mayor información, llame al 900 1234 if you would like more information, please ring 900 1234;desearíamos que nos informara sobre su disponibilidad we would be grateful if you could inform us whether or not you would be available;en nuestra empresa deseamos ofrecer lo mejor a nuestros clientes in our company we want to offer our clients the best;¿qué desea? [en tienda] what can I do for you?;¿desea algo más? [en tienda] would you like anything else?, is that everything?;¿desea que le enseñe más modelos? [en tienda] would you like me to show you some other models?;si lo desea, se lo enviamos a su domicilio if you wish, we will deliver it to your home;aquí estamos para lo que desee [a cliente] we are at your entire disposal;estar deseando hacer algo to be looking forward to doing sth;estaba deseando salir de allí I couldn't wait to get out of there;estoy deseando que lleguen las vacaciones I'm really looking forward to the holidays;¿te hace ilusión lo de ir en barco? – ¡estoy deseando! are you looking forward to going by boat? – you bet I am! o am I ever!;ser de desear to be desirable;es de desear que las negociaciones terminen pronto a quick end to the negotiations would be desirable;dejar mucho/no dejar nada que desear to leave much/nothing to be desired2. [felicidad, éxito, parabienes] to wish;desear algo a alguien to wish sb sth;te deseo mucha suerte I wish you the best of luck;¡deséame suerte! wish me luck!;me deseó lo mejor/un buen viaje he wished me all the best/a pleasant journey;me deseó buenas noches he said goodnight (to me);todos deseamos que te mejores pronto we all wish you a speedy recovery3. [sexualmente] to desire;te deseo, no puedo vivir sin ti I want you, I can't live without you;no desearás a la mujer de tu prójimo thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife* * *v/t2:¿qué desea? what would you like?;¿desea algo más? would you like anything else?* * *desear vt1) : to wishte deseo buena suerte: I wish you good luck2) querer: to want, to desire* * *desear vb1. (expresar deseos) to wish2. (querer) to wantestoy deseando irme de vacaciones I can't wait to go on holiday / I'm really looking forward to going on holiday -
13 Hopkinson, John
[br]b. 27 July 1849 Manchester, Englandd. 27 August 1898 Petite Dent de Veisivi, Switzerland[br]English mathematician and electrical engineer who laid the foundations of electrical machine design.[br]After attending Owens College, Manchester, Hopkinson was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1867 to read for the Mathematical Tripos. An appointment in 1872 with the lighthouse department of the Chance Optical Works in Birmingham directed his attention to electrical engineering. His most noteworthy contribution to lighthouse engineering was an optical system to produce flashing lights that distinguished between individual beacons. His extensive researches on the dielectric properties of glass were recognized when he was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society at the age of 29. Moving to London in 1877 he became established as a consulting engineer at a time when electricity supply was about to begin on a commercial scale. During the remainder of his life, Hopkinson's researches resulted in fundamental contributions to electrical engineering practice, dynamo design and alternating current machine theory. In making a critical study of the Edison dynamo he developed the principle of the magnetic circuit, a concept also arrived at by Gisbert Kapp around the same time. Hopkinson's improvement of the Edison dynamo by reducing the length of the field magnets almost doubled its output. In 1890, in addition to-his consulting practice, Hopkinson accepted a post as the first Professor of Electrical Engineering and Head of the Siemens laboratory recently established at King's College, London. Although he was not involved in lecturing, the position gave him the necessary facilities and staff and student assistance to continue his researches. Hopkinson was consulted on many proposals for electric traction and electricity supply, including schemes in London, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds. He also advised Mather and Platt when they were acting as contractors for the locomotives and generating plant for the City and South London tube railway. As early as 1882 he considered that an ideal method of charging for the supply of electricity should be based on a two-part tariff, with a charge related to maximum demand together with a charge for energy supplied. Hopkinson was one the foremost expert witnesses of his day in patent actions and was himself the patentee of over forty inventions, of which the three-wire system of distribution and the series-parallel connection of traction motors were his most successful. Jointly with his brother Edward, John Hopkinson communicated the outcome of his investigations to the Royal Society in a paper entitled "Dynamo Electric Machinery" in 1886. In this he also described the later widely used "back to back" test for determining the characteristics of two identical machines. His interest in electrical machines led him to more fundamental research on magnetic materials, including the phenomenon of recalescence and the disappearance of magnetism at a well-defined temperature. For his work on the magnetic properties of iron, in 1890 he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. He was a member of the Alpine Club and a pioneer of rock climbing in Britain; he died, together with three of his children, in a climbing accident.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1878. Royal Society Royal Medal 1890. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1890 and 1896.Bibliography7 July 1881, British patent no. 2,989 (series-parallel control of traction motors). 27 July 1882, British patent no. 3,576 (three-wire distribution).1901, Original Papers by the Late J.Hopkinson, with a Memoir, ed. B.Hopkinson, 2 vols, Cambridge.Further ReadingJ.Greig, 1970, John Hopkinson Electrical Engineer, London: Science Museum and HMSO (an authoritative account).—1950, "John Hopkinson 1849–1898", Engineering 169:34–7, 62–4.GW -
14 Telford, Thomas
[br]b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotlandd. 2 September 1834 London, England.[br]Scottish civil engineer.[br]Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.IMcN -
15 הוצאה
הוֹצָאָהf. ( יצא, v. יְצִיאָה) 1) carrying out. B. Kam30a שעת הוֹצָאַת זבלים the season for carrying out dung; a. fr.הוֹצָאַת המת funeral escort. Meg.3b; a. e.Esp. (with ref. to Sabbath law) carrying out of the house, in gen. transferring an object from one territory to another (from private to public ground a. vice versa, v. רָשוּת). Sabb.2b שתים דה׳ two forbidden acts in taking out of the house, opp. הכנסה, carrying in. Ib. תנא הכנסה נמיה׳וכ׳ the teacher of the Mishnah calls the carrying in, too, hotsaah (Mish. יְצִיאָה), transfer. Ib. כל עקירת … ה׳וכ׳ any removal of an object from its place is implied in the term hotsaah. Y. ib. I, 2b; a. fr. 2) bringing forth, sprouting. Y.Shebi.V, 35d bot. מהוצאת עלין from the rime that the leaves come forth. 3) ה׳ נפש the escape of life, last dying movement. Ḥull.38a. 4) the time consumed by the laborer to go out to the field. Gen. R. s. 72 ה׳ מִשֶּׁל בעה״ב the time for going out to the place of labor is included in the working hours belonging to the employer (B. Mets.83b, a. e. יציאה). 5) expenditure, outlay, cost; marketing. Y.Peah IV, beg.18a ה׳ משל בעה״ב the cost (of cutting the fruits of the tree) must be borne by the owner (and not by the poor). Y.Shek.I, end, 46b ה׳ דרכים expense for keeping the roads in repair. Keth.80a אם הי׳ שבח יתר על הה׳ if the income from the improvement exceeds the outlay. Sabb.117b ה׳ שבת the marketing for the Sabbath; a. fr.Pl. הוֹצָאוֹת. Keth.VIII, 5 המוציאה׳ עלוכ׳ if one spends money for improving his wifes estate. Num. R. s. 14, end כמהה׳ יוצאיתוכ׳ how large the expenses are for the royal table; a. fr. -
16 הוֹצָאָה
הוֹצָאָהf. ( יצא, v. יְצִיאָה) 1) carrying out. B. Kam30a שעת הוֹצָאַת זבלים the season for carrying out dung; a. fr.הוֹצָאַת המת funeral escort. Meg.3b; a. e.Esp. (with ref. to Sabbath law) carrying out of the house, in gen. transferring an object from one territory to another (from private to public ground a. vice versa, v. רָשוּת). Sabb.2b שתים דה׳ two forbidden acts in taking out of the house, opp. הכנסה, carrying in. Ib. תנא הכנסה נמיה׳וכ׳ the teacher of the Mishnah calls the carrying in, too, hotsaah (Mish. יְצִיאָה), transfer. Ib. כל עקירת … ה׳וכ׳ any removal of an object from its place is implied in the term hotsaah. Y. ib. I, 2b; a. fr. 2) bringing forth, sprouting. Y.Shebi.V, 35d bot. מהוצאת עלין from the rime that the leaves come forth. 3) ה׳ נפש the escape of life, last dying movement. Ḥull.38a. 4) the time consumed by the laborer to go out to the field. Gen. R. s. 72 ה׳ מִשֶּׁל בעה״ב the time for going out to the place of labor is included in the working hours belonging to the employer (B. Mets.83b, a. e. יציאה). 5) expenditure, outlay, cost; marketing. Y.Peah IV, beg.18a ה׳ משל בעה״ב the cost (of cutting the fruits of the tree) must be borne by the owner (and not by the poor). Y.Shek.I, end, 46b ה׳ דרכים expense for keeping the roads in repair. Keth.80a אם הי׳ שבח יתר על הה׳ if the income from the improvement exceeds the outlay. Sabb.117b ה׳ שבת the marketing for the Sabbath; a. fr.Pl. הוֹצָאוֹת. Keth.VIII, 5 המוציאה׳ עלוכ׳ if one spends money for improving his wifes estate. Num. R. s. 14, end כמהה׳ יוצאיתוכ׳ how large the expenses are for the royal table; a. fr. -
17 bien común, el
(n.) = common good, the, common wealth, theEx. How agreeable life could be if only people would stop mistrusting each other and learn to work for the common good instead of for their own personal aggrandizement.Ex. Masons perceived themselves as engaged in the creation of a new man possessing the traits necessary for the maintenance of the social order and the improvement of the common wealth. -
18 bien común
m.public interest, common weal, well-being, commonweal.* * *common good* * *el bien común(n.) = common good, the, common wealth, theEx: How agreeable life could be if only people would stop mistrusting each other and learn to work for the common good instead of for their own personal aggrandizement.
Ex: Masons perceived themselves as engaged in the creation of a new man possessing the traits necessary for the maintenance of the social order and the improvement of the common wealth. -
19 Perry, John
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 14 February 1850 Garvagh, Co. Londonderry, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)d. 4 August 1920 London, England[br]Irish engineer, mathematician and technical-education pioneer.[br]Educated at Queens College, Belfast, Perry became Physics Master at Clifton College in 1870 until 1874. This was followed by a brief period of study under Sir William Thomson in Glasgow. He was then appointed Professor of Engineering at the Imperial College of Japan in Tokyo, where he formed a remarkable research partnership with W.E. Ayrton. On his return to England he became Professor of Engineering and Mathematics at City and Guilds College, Finsbury. Perry was the co-inventor with Ayrton of many electrical measuring instruments between 1880 and 1890, including an energy meter incorporating pendulum clocks and the first practicable portable ammeter and voltmeter, the latter being extensively used until superseded by instruments of greater accuracy. An optical indicator for high-speed steam engines was among Perry's many patents. Having made a notable contribution to education, particularly in the teaching of mathematics, he turned his attention in the latter period of his life to the improvement of the gyrostatic compass.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1885. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1900. Whitworth Scholar 1870.Bibliography28 April 1883, jointly with Ayrton, British patent no. 2,156 (portable ammeter and voltmeter).1900, England's Neglect of Science, London (for Perry's collected papers on technical education).Further ReadingObituary, 1920, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 58:901–2.D.W.Jordan, 1985, "The cry for useless knowledge: education for a new Victorian technology", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 132 (Part A): 587– 601.GW -
20 повышение уровня жизни
1) Economy: raising of living standards2) Politics: rise in the standard of living3) Business: improvement of the quality of lifeУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > повышение уровня жизни
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